Vocabulary for discussing governance, politics, public policy, and democratic systems.
bureaucracy
A system of government in which most decisions are made by officials rather than elected representatives; also excessive administrative procedures.
Band 7+ example
“Excessive bureaucracy can hinder economic growth by creating barriers to entrepreneurship and business development.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
The bureaucracy of the government is too much.
Streamlining government bureaucracy could significantly improve the efficiency of public service delivery.
accountability
The fact or condition of being responsible for one's actions and obliged to explain them.
Band 7+ example
“Greater accountability in public institutions is essential for maintaining citizens' trust in democratic governance.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
The government should have accountability for what they do.
Robust accountability mechanisms are necessary to prevent the misuse of public funds.
autonomy
The right or condition of self-government; independence in decision-making.
Band 7+ example
“Granting greater autonomy to local authorities enables more responsive governance tailored to regional needs.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
Countries want autonomy to govern themselves.
Devolution of power enhances regional autonomy while preserving national unity.
transparency
The quality of being open and honest; the condition of being easy to understand or see through.
Band 7+ example
“Transparency in government spending is a prerequisite for combating corruption and building public trust.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
The government needs transparency so people can see what they do.
Enhanced transparency in policy-making processes fosters greater civic engagement.
fiscal
Relating to government revenue, especially taxes, or public finances.
Band 7+ example
“Prudent fiscal policy is critical for ensuring long-term economic stability and sustainable public services.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
The fiscal of the country is not good.
The government's fiscal deficit has widened considerably due to increased social spending.
constituency
A body of voters in a specified area who elect a representative; also the area itself.
Band 7+ example
“Elected officials must balance the interests of their constituency with broader national policy objectives.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
The constituency voted for the new leader.
Representatives are expected to advocate for the concerns of their constituency in parliament.
welfare
The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group; also government-provided financial support.
Band 7+ example
“Welfare programmes serve as a vital safety net for vulnerable populations during economic downturns.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
Welfare gives money to poor people.
A well-designed welfare system reduces poverty while incentivising workforce participation.
sovereignty
Supreme power or authority; the authority of a state to govern itself.
Band 7+ example
“International trade agreements inevitably require nations to cede a degree of sovereignty in exchange for economic benefits.”
Common collocations
Common mistake
Every country should have sovereignty to do what they want.
The tension between national sovereignty and supranational governance remains a central issue in international relations.
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